21-EN-Biography-JB-Jongkind.org-EN

1805	Marriage of his parents: Gerrit Adrianus Jongkind (1776-1836) married Wilhelmina van der Burght (1783-1855), in Hoeven, near Zevenbergen.
1819	Johan-Barthold was born on Thursday 3 June 1819 in Lattrop near Ootmarsum, province of Overijssel, in the eastern part of the Netherlands, the eighth of ten children. Marie, known as Joséphine, Borrhée was born in the same year in Namur.
1820	His father is named tax collector in Vlaardingen. The family moves. Johan-Barthold will spend his youth in this city and in the town of Maassluis, both situated along the river Maas, west of the Rotterdam harbour.
1835	Johan-Barthold leaves school and starts work as a clerk at a notary's office
1836	On 18 July his father dies in Gouda where he was appointed in 1834.
1837	Jongkind persuades his mother, who has confidence in her son, to let him choose a painting career. Johan Barthold attends the "Tekenacademie" in The Hague.
1838	In The Hague, his teacher is the painter Andreas Schelfhout (1787- 1870).
1839	First contacts with Charles Rochussen (1815-1894) who becomes his friend. They live under the same roof. Through Rochussen he meets Van Bronkhorst, the secretary of the Prince of Orange, who will later create a link between the artist and the future William III.
1842-1843	To subsidise his needs, he organises four raffles, each with one of his paintings as a winning prize.
1845	In The Hague, on 17 November, inauguration of the statue of William the Silent (1533-1584), by the sculptor Count E. de Nieuwerkerke (1811-1892), who will become superintendent of fine arts in Paris under Napoleon III. Count E. de Nieuwerkerke participates in the inauguration ceremony, accompanied among others by the painter Eugène Isabey (1803-1886). Isabey pays a visit to Jongkind and, after having seen his work, invites him to become his student in his Paris studio. Van Bronkhorst, secretary of the Prince of Orange, recommends Jongkind to the Prince who grants a subsidy to Jongkind enabling him to go to Paris. Jongkind takes lessons in French which, all his life and in spite of the number of years spent in France, he will pronounce and write with a lot of fantasy! The statue of William the Silent canstill be seen today at the Noordeinde in The Hague.
1846	In March he leaves for Paris. He joins the studio of Eugène Isabey. He is 27 years old. In Paris, Jongkind acquired a lot of Belgian friends who to him felt they were fellow-Dutchmen. Up to 1830 they actually had indeed all been Dutch citizens living in the south of the Netherlands. But a revolution in 1830 in the southern part of the Netherlands led to the secession of a new state, Belgium; after intermittent military confrontations and lengthy negotiations, the Kingdom of Belgium was formally recognized as an independent state at the Treaty of London in 1839 by the European great powers and well as by the King of the Netherlands.
1847	First trip to Normandy and Brittany. He also frequents the studios of F.E. Picot (1786-1868) and of Alex Dupuis (xxxx-1854). He gets to know Eugène Cicéri (1813-1890), Kuytenbrouwer (1821-1897), Mme O'Connell (1823-1885), Antoine Etex (1808-1888), Théodore Chassériau (1819-1856), Isidore Pils (1813-1875), William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825-1905), Alexandre Cabanel (1823-1889), Félix Ziem (1821-1911) and others.
1848	Exhibits in the Salon for the first time. He returns to the Netherlands in June, staying until December. From 24 June to 2 July he stays with Andreas Schelfhout at the palace Het Loo.
1849	He is nicknamed painter of the Seine.
1850	Rather prolonged journey in Normandy where he visits Honfleur, Fécamp, Yport, SaintValery-en-Caux ... He pushes on into Brittany with Eugène Isabey. He exhibits in the Salon. Gets to know Joséphine, Clara, Mathilde... and others. Like a father, Isabey takes Jongkind more and more into his protection, shows interest in his works and scolds him when the young painter strays from the straight path and thus endangers his already proven talent.
1851	The Salon, which had opened its doors on 30 December 1850, closes on 30 January. The French state buys a painting by Jongkind (Musée d'Amiens). In the company of M. and Mme Isabey he goes to Normandy, visits Le Havre, Abbeville, Rouen. He goes on to Brittany where he visits Morlaix, Brest, Landerneau, Châteaulin and Douarnenez.
1852	At the Salon, he receives the 3rd class medal. This is the year when Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) displays Funeral in Ornans in the Salon. Gets to know Constant Troyon (1810-865), Pierre-Antoine Bonnardel (1824-1856)... Jongkind is complaining of his health that he does not take care of with an exemplary and sober behaviour. In December of this year he receives the last monthly allowance granted by the Prince of Orange, who in the meantime became king of The Netherlands. Money worries. He will never stop thinking until his last days, wrongly, that his pension had been discontinued following fallacious reports made to the Prince of Orange by "spies". Probably in this year he met Emmanuel Sano (1822 Antwerp - 1878 Paris), who will give him valuable support in friendship and financial matters.
1853	Frequents the cafés. Meets Gustave Courbet, Thomas Couture (1815-1879), Célestin Nanteuil (1813- 1873), Nadar (1820-1910)... Sells some paintings and watercolours, particularly through his friends. The French state buys one of his paintings from the Salon (Musée d'Angers). In early September he goes to London, invited by his English friend John Burley Waring (1823- 1875). He stays a week. (See Leaflet and Summary Bulletin de la Société des Amis de Jongkind, B43HS02, 31-12-2012).
1854	Paints in Paris and its suburbs. Comes into contact with PouletMalassis, Alfred Cadart (1828-1875) .
1855	His mother dies on August 23. Does not receive any awards at the Salon. Resentment and all kinds of worries drive him back to his native country where he arrives at the end of November. He visits Brussels, Utrecht, Amsterdam. He settles in Rotterdam.
1856	11 March: The art dealer Father Martin organises a sale of a part of the work that Jongkind left behind in Paris; disappointing results, insufficient to pay all his creditors.
1857	From the beginning of his return to the Netherlands until its end in March 1860, regular correspondence with Martin. Steady dispatching of paintings to Paris and in return, from Martin, regular forwarding of 100 Franc notes to Rotterdam. From the end of July until November, Jongkind returns to breathe the Paris air. During a dinner on 2 August, he is in the company of Gustave Courbet, Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot (1795-1875), Jean-François Millet (1814-1875)... Upon his return to the Netherlands, Dr. Piogey, Nadar and Adolphe Beugniet visit him.
1858-1859	Exchange of paintings and money between Rotterdam and Paris. Plans to return to Paris. In 1858, exhibition in Dijon where he receives a silver medal. In 1859, exhibition at the Salon in Paris, through the intermediary of Martin.
1860	A letter dated 20 February and addressed to Eugène Boudin (1824- 1898) proves that Oscar-Claude Monet (1840-1926) considers Jongkind dead as far as art is concerned; he will change his opinion! On 7 April, sale at Drouot of works by other artists for his benefit. Adolphe-Félix Cals (1810-1880), Jean-Baptiste Camille Corot, François Bonvin (1817-1887), Narcisse Diaz (1807-1876), Eugène Isabey, Charles Daubigny (1817-1878), Henri Harpignies (1819-1916), Théodore Rousseau (1812-1867), Philippe Rousseau (1816- 1887), Achille-François Oudinot (1820-1891), François-Henri Nazon (1821-1902), Eugène Lavieille (1820-1889), Félix Ziem and others, in all more than 88 artists, gave a work. The idea of this sale originates with Count Armand Doria (1824-1896), assisted by the painter Adolphe-Félix Cals and the art dealer Pierre-Firmin Martin, called Father Martin. At the end of April he leaves Rotterdam for Paris, accompanied by Cals who, authorised by all his Paris friends, came to get him and ... to pay his debts. The return to Paris was not without incidents. Martin takes charge of it all. Another important event of 1860: at Martin, Jongkind meets Madame Joséphine Borrhée-Fesser (1819- 1891). A painter herself, she will be his companion, his "relative" as he himself writes in several letters, until the end of his life. The first letter - known to us - of Jongkind to Mme Fesser is dated 14 July 1860. Thanks to this meeting Jongkind will get to know the Nivernais as soon as the following year, and later, the Dauphiné.
1861	He settles at no.9 (which later becomes no.5) rue de Chevreuse in Paris, in the neighbourhood of Montparnasse, far from the cafés of Montmartre. He will keep this residence until his last days. Journey to the Nivernais where the husband of Mme. Fesser, Alexandre Fesser (1811-1875) works as a cook. He is refused at the
1862	Travel in Normandy. He stops in Le Havre, in Sainte-Adresse, visits among others Honfleur and Trouville. First year in Normandy of his years of glory in which he will be productive in abundance. Strikes up a friendship with Eugène Boudin, meets Monet, Philippe Burty (1830-1890). First etched engravings inspired by Dutch themes. Laudatory article by Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) onthe occasion of the publication of these engravings in le Boulevard.
1863	Rejected at the official Salon, he exhibits three canvases at the Salon des Refusés. Mme Fesser also exhibits at this Salon. First prolonged sojourn in Honfleur.
1864	Second prolonged sojourn in Honfleur. He visits Rouen, Le Havre, Villerville, Pont-l'évêque. He pays several visits to the SaintSiméon farm. Friendly relations with Monet, 21 years his junior. His financial situation improves. His relations with Martin cool down; other art dealers develop a greater interest in Jongkind, Adolphe Beugniet among others, the titular art dealer of Eugène Isabey who also "trades" with Delacroix. The number of his private customers grows, in particular Jean-Baptiste Théophile, called Théophile Bascle (1824-1882), wine merchant in Bordeaux.
1865	Exhibits three canvases in the Salon. Third and last sojourn in Honfleur. He meets again with Boudin.
1866	Exhibits two canvases in the Salon. From August to September, travel in the Netherlands, stopping in Brussels, Antwerp and Rotterdam.
1867	Exhibits two canvases in the Salon. Another trip to the Netherlands, from mid-August to the end of October, sojourn in Antwerp, Rotterdam.
1868	Exhibits two canvases in the Salon. Famous series of "Demolitions" of Paris, both in watercolour and in oil. Emile Zola speaks of Jongkind at length in an article published in l'Evénement Illustré, dated June 1 on the occasion of the Salon. Returning for a sojourn in the Netherlands from 27 August to 7 September, he stays in Rotterdam, visits The Hague, Dordrecht, and Delft. Alexandre Fesser, husband of Mme Fesser, leaves the service of the Count of Montsaulnin, in the Nivernais, and enters the service of the Marquis of Virieu. It is owing to this relationship that he will first visit the Dauphiné, in 1873.
1869	Exhibits two canvases in the Salon. Last trip to the Netherlands; stays in Rotterdam, Brussels, Dordrecht, `s-Hertogenbosch(where Mme Fesser spent her youth), and Antwerp.
1870	Year of the Franco-Prussian war. He was taken for a spy in Nantes where he went to escape from besieged Paris. Due to the war, long sojourn in Nevers. Beginning of a correspondence with Jules, son of Mme Fesser, which will provide us with abundant information.
1871	Jongkind and Mme Fesser return to Paris. On Thursday 4 May, Jongkind is visited by Edmond de Goncourt (1822-1896) accompanied by Philippe Burty. In October, Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) is welcomed by his childhood friend Philippe Solari (1840-1906) who lives in the same building as Jongkind, 5 rue de Chevreuse. In December, mile Zola (1840-1902) pays a visit to Solari while Cézanne is still staying with him.
1872	Zola publishes a laudatory article on Jongkind in the journal La Cloche on 24 January. Exhibits in the Salon with an oil painting. Works a lot on views of Paris.
1873	He is rejected at the Salon; henceforth, he will never again send a single work. First sojourn in the Dauphiné during some fine days with Jules Fesser, son of Mme Fesser, who took employment with the Count of Virieu in the Dauphiné. Journey to the South: Avignon, Marseille. Sojourn in the Nivernais.
1874	Spends the summer in the Nivernais, the last one there, and in the Dauphiné. This is the year of the First Impressionist Exhibition. Boudin participates but not Jongkind.
1875	In March, the death of Alexandre Fesser, husband of Mme Fesser. Sojourn in the Dauphiné, in Pupetière, Grenoble, and Chambéry. Excursions in Switzerland, to Geneva, Lausanne, Nyon. Year of Corot's death, Jongkind is present during the funeral. Year of Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux's (1827-1875) and JeanFrançois Millet's (1814-1875) death.
1876-1877	Divides his time between Paris and Pupetière in the Dauphiné. Numerous watercolours of the Dauphiné in the " valley of Pupetière ".
1878	Jules buys the villa Beau séjour in Côte-Saint-André. Until his death, this will be Jongkind's country address, while the rue de Chevreuse remains his address in Paris. From here on, with some rare exceptions, he will spend the summers in the Dauphiné and the winters in Paris.
1879	First canvases "Paris snowcovered".
1880	First winter in Dauphiné, snowy landscapes in the countryside. Trip to the South with excursions to Marseille, Avignon, Sorgues, Nîmes, Narbonne, Béziers, Sète, La Ciotat, Port-Vendres, Toulon.
1881	Winter in Côte-Saint-André, spring in Paris. Mental instability. Alcohol abuse
1882	Paul Détrimont, an art dealer in Paris and Jongkind's personal friend, organises an exhibition of Jongkind's works in his gallery. Jongkind is in the Dauphiné and does not go to Paris for the occasion. This will be the only exhibition exclusively of Jongkind's work during his lifetime.
1883	As a consequence of the death of Théophile Bascle on 31 December 1882, sale of his collection at the Parisian auction house of Hôtel Drouot on 12, 13 and 14 April 1883. There are 83 canvases and 21 watercolours of Jongkind. The canvases fetch very high prices.
1884	His old paranoid ideas remain. Roaming up hill and down dale in the Dauphiné, he establishes friendships with the peasants and their children.
1885	Shorter and shorter stays in Paris as the years pass. Unveiling of a commemorative plaque on the house of Hector Berlioz (1803-1869) in Côte-Saint-André. Jongkind is not invited among the officials. He notes down the text of the commemorative plaque in his notebook.
1886	Subjects he works on are principally of the Dauphiné and Côte-Saint-André. He still paints also souvenirs of Honfleur, Paris, the Netherlands etc.
1887	Stays a little longer in Paris where he is visited by Henri Rochefort (1831-1913). Makes a series of sketches and paintings of the Luxembourg garden.
1888	Still paints an enormous number of watercolours and sketches, but no longer looks for buyers.
1889	Spends August in Paris for the Universal Exhibition where he is accompanying Mme Fesser's grandchildren. He spends the winter in Côte-Saint-André, suffering from hallucinations.
1890	Last trip to Paris during the summer. The statue of Berlioz is inaugurated in Côte-Saint-André on 28 September
1891	On 27 January he is admitted in the asylum of Saint-Robert in Saint-Égrève, near Grenoble, where he dies on 9 February. He is buried in the cemetery of CôteSaint-André, on 11 February. On 23 November the same year, Mme Fesser dies. They are buried, side by side, in the cemetery of CôteSaint-André in the department of Isère, five hundred meters from the villa " Beau-Séjour ".